Under no circumstances
·
Under no circumstances should you stop taking your medication without your doctor's advice.
·
Under no circumstances should you admit liability.
·
It is important for victims to know that under no circumstances is any sort of abuse acceptable.
·
Under no circumstances may visitors repeat or discuss confidential details of the meeting.
·
Under no circumstances will I leave without completing my work
only, Barely and
Only? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation
to help you.
Look at these examples to see how we use inversion after negative adverbials.
Never have I been so happy to see someone.
Not only did he win the match but he came back from a difficult start. Barely had she got back in bed when her alarm went off.
Try this exercise
to test your grammar.
Read the explanation to learn more.
Grammar explanation
'Inversion' means reversing (inverting) the normal subject–verb word order in a sentence.
We
can use inversion
to add emphasis, especially in formal English.
It is common, for example, in political speeches, because
it has a persuasive and impressive effect.
To
invert a sentence
in this way, we put the adverbial (e.g. never, rarely, not only,
etc.) at the beginning and change the normal
position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.
Not only did they arrive late but they talked throughout the film. (They not
only arrived late but they talked throughout the film.)
If
there is no auxiliary verb,
we need to add one. For example,
we add do for present
simple verbs and did for past
simple verbs.
Rarely do we find such talent. (We rarely find such talent.)
Never, rarely, seldom
These adverbials are often
used with present
perfect, past perfect or modals like can and
could. Never had they seen so many people in the village.
Seldom has she taken a day off work.
Rarely can a patient
fully recover from such an injury.
Hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner
These adverbials often refer to
an event which quickly follows
another in the past and are
usually used with past perfect. Hardly,
scarcely and barely are followed by when in
the contrasting clause, and no sooner is
followed by than.
Hardly had we sat down when we were told to evacuate
the building.
Scarcely had the votes been counted
when the new president was pushed in front of TV
cameras.
No sooner had the game started
than the captain
was taken ill. No sooner was the new park open than
it started raining.
Only + time expression
These include
only after, only if/when, only then and only later.
Only when they refilled
my glass did I realise
it was broken. Only later did they discover they hadn't been told the
truth.
Phrases with no and
not
These include under no circumstances, on no account, at no time, in no way, on no condition, not until and not only.
Under no circumstances should
children travel without
an adult. In no way did we
agree to this.
Little
In these sentences, little has
a negative or restrictive meaning.
Little do people realise
how hard it is to be a chef.
(People don't realise how hard it is to be a chef.)
Little did she know then that she would become
the company director. (She didn't know then that she
would become the company director.
none·the·less /ˌnʌnðəˈles/ [ L.M]
In spite of the fact that has just been mentioned
SYN
nevertheless
|
SYN |
The region was extremely
beautiful. Nonetheless Gerard could not imagine spending
the rest of his life there.
The paintings are complex, but have plenty of appeal nonetheless.
Folly doubted if she would care what Luke got up to, but she gave her the flowers nonetheless.
•
It was too late in the year for the almond blossom but the valley was beautiful nonetheless.
• Such a cost nonetheless needs setting against the advantages in any ecological study of gorilla social behavior.
•
The substance may not affect humans.
Nonetheless, the
FDA is examining it closely.
• Leland added: Since nonetheless the gentry of the vicinity were anything
but affluent, the profits may have been largely illusory.
• Although research has modified this supposition, it is nonetheless true that males are
generally seducers and females the seduced.
•
We nonetheless welcome this particular representative of the genus.
Nonetheless [despite what has just been said or referred
to; nevertheless] Cambridge(c1)
·
There are possible risks, but nonetheless, we
feel it’s a sound investment.
Despite being younger than the others, Smith was
nonetheless a valuable member of the team. Today, the paying of a dowry is illegal, but the practice
continues nonetheless in some areas. Security at the event has been tightened since last year.
Nonetheless, about 1000 managed to get in without tickets. Nonetheless, the region still plays an important role in
the country's economy. It was only a small donation, but it was gratefully received
nonetheless. |
Nonetheless Adverb (Oxford)
·
The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.
·
The problems
are not serious.
Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle
them soon.
Nevertheless
Nev·er·the·less /ˌnevəðəˈles $ -vər-/adverb formal(L M)
·
|
What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.
A false belief may nevertheless be justified.
•
Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheless be
undertaken with the greatest
of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used.
• They have nevertheless exercised considerable influence over judicial and academic thought.
• Thus we can talk of a local
government system which is different
from a central government system but nevertheless
interacts with it.
• The followers of this cult are, nevertheless, looking to the future and investing considerable sums of money
in it.
• Having managed somehow to skip going to college,
he has nevertheless made
a fortune as a very young man.
• The Sharks played
with two men in the penalty box, but nevertheless
managed to score.
•
Throughout
the Mekong delta, local officials who disdained Tu
Duc nevertheless quit the provincial administration rather
than submit to alien rule.
•
But the pain is nevertheless real.
Nevertheless(B1)adverb.(Cambridge)
UK /ˌnev.ə.ðəˈles/ US /ˌnev.ɚ.ðəˈles/
despite what has just been said or referred to:
I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting Nevertheless.
The two rivals were
nevertheless united by the freemasonry of the acting profession.
Much-maligned for their derivative style, the band are nevertheless enduringly popular.
Nevertheless, accidents still occur.
"Nevertheless" is commonly used as a
conjunctive adverb. The building is guarded around the clock, but robberies occur nevertheless.
Nevertheless adverb(oxford)
·
despite something that you have just mentioned
SYNONYM nonetheless
·
·
There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that
we try.
·
Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless.
·
The old system had its flaws, but nevertheless it was preferable to the new one.
Admittedly(B2)
·
Adverb UK /ədˈmɪt.ɪd.li/ US /ədˈmɪt̬.ɪd.li/
used when you are agreeing that something is true, especially
unwillingly:
Admittedly, I could have tried harder but I still don't think all this criticism is fair.
Admittedly, the ball was close to the line, but I'm sure
it wasn't out.
She is very clever, admittedly, but do you think she has
the right personality for the job?
Well, admittedly, I am no expert on art, but I think that
is awful!
Admittedly, there is a serious problem that must be dealt
with here.
They had a couple of lucky goals but our team were not
playing well, admittedly.
·
Admittedly, it is rather
expensive, but you don't need to use much.
·
Admittedly, Venice wasn’t a very big place, but there was little chance
of meeting her again accidentally.
•
Yes, I have studied Japanese - though not for long, admittedly.
•
None of them have the time, admittedly, but most are also lacking the aptitude.
•
Not very funny admittedly - but true.
• The other three
people all run around screaming - quite fast,
admittedly, but you would hardly
call it scuttling.
•
He certainly helped
to reshape a world whose
future was admittedly
hard to predict.
• Though admittedly
I did feel a brief uneasiness when I remembered that odd floating movement of Sergia's.
• Admittedly I
didn't get as much work done as I'd hoped this morning,
but it should be finished soon.
• But I graduated and took a job with a law firm in Worcester, admittedly through family connections.
• But these were kept in a tall airy room, admittedly with a double door, in locked heavy glass cases.
Notwithstanding (c1) preposition
despite the fact or thing mentioned:
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan. Injuries notwithstanding, the team won the semifinal.
Injuries notwithstanding, this season has been a disappointment to me Such
criticisms notwithstanding, this
book contains much of value.
Notwithstanding the relative wealth
of information for historical research, this material has remained largely unexamined.
Notwithstanding some major financial problems, the school has had a successful year. The bad weather notwithstanding, the event was a great success.
Notwithstanding differences, there
are clear similarities in all of the world’s
religions. Fame and fortune notwithstanding,
Donna never forgot her hometown.
The end of the Cold War notwithstanding, the world is still a dangerous place.
Notwithstanding that (conj)…
He was found guilty,
notwithstanding that the evidence
was very weak.
Unlike
B2 - different from:
preposition
Dan's actually very nice, unlike his father. Unlike you, I'm not a great dancer.
not typical
or characteristic of: C2) preposition
It's unlike you to be quiet - is something wrong?
Jackie must be worried about something, it's unlike her to
be so tense. It's unlike you to not want any pudding - are you feeling
okay? It's unlike Sam to be late. It's unlike you to be so outspoken. I was rather surprised by Guy's outburst - it's very
unlike him. |
Unlike adjective
(DIFFERENT)
Birds have two kinds of motion, which are quite unlike.
The various parts of the same individual embryo ultimately become very unlike. The two wings of the party are very unlike.
Likelihood (c2)
The chance that something will happen:
Ø This latest dispute greatly increases the likelihood of a strike.
Ø [ + that ] There is every likelihood that more jobs will be lost later this year.
Ø There is little likelihood now that interest rates will come down further.
Ø Using a seatbelt will reduce the likelihood of serious injury
in a car accident.
Ø There was very little likelihood of her getting
the job.
Ø They must face the likelihood that the newspaper
might go bankrupt.
Ø As you get older,
the likelihood of illness increases.
Ø The likelihood of food riots this winter will increase as shortages spread.
Ø The likelihood of living alone is greatest among the most elderly, particularly for women.
Ø The active, sensation-seeking child simply has a
greater likelihood of such a pattern.
In all likelihood (almost certainly)
Ø If I refused, it would in all likelihood mean I’d lose my job.
Ø I shall die when I am between seventy-five and eighty, in all likelihood.
Ø In all likelihood, Davis
will be traded
to the Dallas Cowboys.
Ø In all likelihood everything will go to plan.
Thereby (c1) - as a result of this action:
·
Diets that are high in saturated fat clog up our arteries, thereby reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains.
·
They had failed to agree to a settlement, thereby throwing 250 people out of work.
·
Consequently, they might remove
the base, thereby removing the reason for a
nuclear attack.
·
He became a citizen in 1978, thereby
gaining the right
to vote.
·
He redesigned the process, thereby saving the company thousands
of dollars.
We use not only X but also Y in formal
contexts:
The war caused not only destruction and death but also generations of hatred between
the two communities.
The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive.
This investigation is not only one
that is continuing and worldwide but also one
that we expect to continue for quite some time.
We
can sometimes leave out also:
I identified with Denzel
Washington not only as
an actor but as
a person.
To
add emphasis, we can use not only at
the beginning of a clause.
When we do this, we invert
the subject and the verb:
Not only was it raining all day at the wedding
but also the band was late.
Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the
inside.
When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does,
did:
Not only did she forget my birthday, but she
also didn’t even apologise
for forgetting it.
Range from something to something
(to include
a group
of things of the type
described)
v
The show had a massive
audience, ranging from children to grandparents.
v The five men are serving prison
sentences ranging from 35 to 105
years.
v The properties, all of which have balconies or terraces,
range from £173,000 to £262,000.
v
Two-pound
loaves range from $ 3 to $ 5.
v The temperatures in your kitchen
and around your picnic table range from 65 to 95 degrees.
v
His expression ranges from a painful
grimace to a
slight smile.
v If found guilty,
they face penalties ranging from restriction to base, fines or reduction in rank.
v
Between the others the timespan
ranged from two weeks
to four months.
v Results from either model range from subtle
to overwhelming.
v An intelligentsia was one of the byproducts, ranging from priests
to teachers, journalists and writers.
v The chapters range from general reviews
to those with a heavy research
group bias.
v
They sell products ranging from batteries to high-end electronic goods.
Albeit (c2) - conjunction
The evening was very pleasant, albeit
a little quiet.
He tried,
albeit without success.
The nation is adapting, albeit
slowly, to the new global economy.
He accepted
the job, albeit with some hesitation. Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly
Cather's novel
has been made into a beautiful,
albeit slow-paced, musical.
Charles's letter was indeed
published, albeit in a somewhat
abbreviated form.
Colons in Sentences
Let's begin with a study on colons. There are three primary purposes for this member of
the punctuation family: lists, quotations, and independent
clauses.
Lists
Colons can be used to set off a list. In this instance,
think of colons as saying, "Here's what I
mean." What's about to come after the colon is meant to
further illustrate whatever was
mentioned before the colon.
- There are two choices at this time: run away or fight.
- We knew who would win the game: the Eagles
- He wanted to see three cities in Italy: Rome, Florence, and Venice
- Here are three states that begin with M: Michigan, Mississippi, and Maine.
- This house has everything I need: two bedrooms, a backyard, and a garage.
- I have several favorite genres of movies: drama, science fiction, and mystery.
- I bought a lot of meat at the store: bacon, turkey, chicken, and tuna.Quotes
Colons can also be used to introduce a quotation of someone
else's words. Typically, there will
be some sort of introduction to those words.
- This was first said by Shakespeare: "To thine own self be true."
- The main character in the movie said: "Play hard. Work harder."
- She went to great lengths to emphasize this: "Kindness never fades."
- Mrs. Morris preaches this concept: "Second place is first loser."
- Diana Gabaldon says this prayer before writing: "Help me see what I need to see."
- The dog trainer gave us this instruction: "Love your dog and she will love you."
- Claire helped Jamie see his fate: "You're never going to win the Battle of Culloden."
Independent Clauses
And finally, colons can be used to separate two independent
clauses. These are clauses that can
stand alone as two complete thoughts.
There are two things to note in the examples below. First,
each example contains two clauses.
You shouldn't use this construction to connect more than two
clauses. Second, you do not
capitalize the first word in the second clause. Let's take a
look!
- I just want you to remember: two can play at that game.
- You can come pick me up now: I am feeling much better.
- Never forget this point: think before you speak.
- Barry wanted to know why I didn't respond to his text: I hadn't received it.
- The town reminded me of my childhood vacations: both were on the beach.
- The world is a stage: play your role well.
- He cares for no one: he is the epitome of selfish
You may also see colons come before a long list of items.
Beyond that, they're also used after a
formal introduction, as in "To Whom It May
Concern:" For more information on all five rules,
check out these 5 Rules of Colon Usage.
Semicolon
The semicolon is sometimes described
as stronger than a comma but weaker
than a period. In certain
uses, this is a reasonably accurate definition. Yet there is more to the
semicolon than that.
Between independent clauses when a coordinating conjunction is omitted
Most commonly, the semicolon is used between
two independent clauses
(i.e., clauses that could stand alone as separate
sentences) when a coordinating conjunction
(for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so) is omitted.
Example
The upperclassmen are permitted off-campus lunch; the
underclassmen must remain on campus.
The example
above could be recast with the conjunction but, in which case a comma, rather than a semicolon, would be
required.
Example The upperclassmen are permitted off-campus lunch, but the
underclassmen must remain on campus. |
Technically, the semicolon could be replaced
with a period, since each independent clause
is a complete sentence. The
semicolon, however, emphasizes the connection between the two clauses.
Note: When the second clause expands
on or explains the first,
the colon is the better mark. Between independent clauses linked
by a transitional expression
The semicolon
is also used between two independent clauses
linked by a transitional expression (e.g., accordingly, consequently,
for example, nevertheless, so, thus).
Examples
Heavy snow continues to fall at the airport; consequently,
all flights have been grounded.
cost $10 in the morning and $200 in the afternoon.
No sooner------- than
·
Conjunction
'No sooner--- than' is also used to denote
simultaneous actions.
·
It is the negative of 'As soon as'.
Let us see some examples of this conjunction in actual sentences. Example:
1) No sooner does he see other children than he becomes
playful.
Remember the simple trick shown
below:
|
No sooner |
(does/do/did) |
Subject |
1stAction |
Than |
Subject |
2nd Action |
|
No sooner |
Does |
he |
see other
children |
Than |
he |
becomes playful. |
Present: No sooner does he see other children than he becomes
playful.
Present : No
sooner do I see other
children than I become playful.
Past : No
sooner did he see other children, than he became
playful.
From the above 3 examples
we deduce that:
1) The conjunction 'No sooner---- than' is used in Present and Past tenses.
2)
It can be used only in a sentence in which two actions take place.
3) 'No sooner' should
never be followed
by the word 'when'.
5) Do/Does/Did are
followed by the first form of the verb. The word
'had' can also be used in
the place of 'did' at time.
Examples:
1. Incorrect: No sooner we came out of the house, it started raining.
Correct: No sooner
did we come out of the house
than it started raining.